Know How. Having been bitten by the car bug at a young age, I spent my formative years surrounded by Studebakers at car shows across Quebec and the northeastern United States. Over ten years of racing, restoring, and obsessing over automobiles lead me to balance science writing and automotive journalism full time. I currently contribute as an editor to several online and print automotive publications, and I also write and consult for the pharmaceutical and medical device industry.
Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Categories Know How Tags automobile , emissions , exhaust , fuel system. The design of the M56 is more complex than the M54 because of the emission standard requirements. But it also exhibited the same weaknesses as the M But the issues of the M56 are more expensive to resolve.
The models in the different series have grown over the years. But the rear-wheel drives are the best overall and also provide the best in fuel economy. Several BMW 3 series variants have different body styles and power trains.
They include the hatchback Gran Turismo, the sedan , and the wagon. There is also the BMW 4 series which consists of a convertible and a coupe. BMW sedans all come with rear-wheel drives as standard. The all-wheel-drive variant is available with the xDrive. Another standard is the 8-speed automatic transmission.
However, there are the 6-speed manual versions for those who want to be more active when driving. Manual transmissions are available for the i xDrive, the i, the i, and the i for the same price.
It will also have the following features:. It comes with an additional carbon-lined filter as well. This filter keeps out excess hydrocarbon from polluting the atmosphere. There are also additional components and more complicated installations in this system.
There is a catalytic converter at the end of the exhaust manifold. This catalytic converter needs to be warmed up before it can attain its optimum operating efficiency. It is designed to burn the most amounts of residual particles as soon as the system has attained its peak operating temperature. It has a special manganese dioxide coating. The PM emission standards shown in Table 6 will be tightened to much more stringent levels listed in Table 7.
The more stringent standards have been adopted to ensure there is no increase in PM emissions from future engine technologies and that particulate filters are used on all diesel engines. In gasoline direct-injection engines, the future PM standards may trigger the use of gasoline particulate filters. Medium-duty vehicles have no fleet average requirements. Rather, a phase-in schedule requires manufacturers to certify increasing percentages of their MDVs to increasingly more stringent emission categories.
For diesel MDV, manufacturers can also choose to certify the engines to the applicable heavy-duty diesel engine emission standards. Evaporative Emissions. Direct Ozone Reduction Credit. Manufacturers receive an NMOG credit for direct ozone reduction systems such as ozone reducing catalysts coated on vehicle radiators. The in-use performance of the system must be monitored via an OBD strategy.
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